In general, what you eat matters a lot more than where it comes from, since transportation accounts for only about 6 percent of food’s total climate footprint. (If we are going to eat more seafood in the coming decades, most of that increase will probably come from fish farms, also known as aquaculture.) For now, you can check with science-based sources like Seafood Watch to see if the fish you buy is being harvested sustainably. So there’s not a ton of room for everyone in the world to increase their wild fish consumption. There is a huge caveat to all wild seafood, though: At this point, the world is already catching about as much as it possibly can - most fisheries are being fished at their maximum sustainable level, while others are being overexploited. On the other hand, wild shrimp and lobster can have a larger impact than chicken or pork, because pulling them in demands extra fuel for the fishing boats. ( We have dozens of good recipe options for you here.) Mollusks like clams, oysters and scallops are also great low-carbon choices. A 2018 analysis found that a number of popular wild fish - anchovies, sardines, herring, tuna, pollock, cod, haddock - have, on average, a lower carbon footprint than chicken or pork. Wild fish often have a relatively small climate footprint, with the main source of emissions being the fuel burned by fishing boats. And if we want to feed a growing population without adding to global warming or putting increased pressure on the world’s forests, it would make a difference if the heaviest meat eaters cut back. That said, there are also millions of people around the world - in places like the United States, Europe and Australia - who eat far more meat than they need to for a healthy diet, according to a 2019 report in the medical journal The Lancet. In many countries, meat, eggs and milk offer a vital source of nutrition when there aren’t good alternatives available. And animal agriculture provides livelihoods for some 1.3 billion people worldwide. They also produce manure that we can use as fertilizer. Cows and other livestock, after all, can often be raised on pasture that would otherwise be unsuitable for growing crops, and they eat crop residues that would otherwise go to waste. A number of experts have argued that a sustainable food system can and should still include plenty of animals. But dietary changes are often one of the quickest ways for many people to lighten their climate impact, and if many people collectively made these changes, it could start to add up. And, ultimately, the most important thing we can all do is vote, as policy changes have an enormous impact. Still, food consumption is often only a small fraction of a person’s total carbon footprint. But even eating more plants, and less dairy and meat, particularly red meat, can help: According to a World Resources Institute analysis, if the average American replaced a third of the beef he or she eats with pork, poultry or legumes, his or her food-related emissions would still fall by around 13 percent. Giving up dairy would further reduce those emissions. A number of studies have concluded that people who eat a meat-heavy diet - including much of the population of the United States and Europe - could shrink their food-related footprint by one-third or more by moving to a vegetarian diet.
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